Reported speech and pronouns

Reported speech and pronouns

1.-When we want to report what someone said. We do not usually repeat them exact words we use our own words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell,say,ask followed by “that clause”

e.g. : the teacher says that the sun rises in the east

-When the reporting verbs is in the present,present prefect, or future there is not chance of tense in the words reported.

e.g. : He will tell you

He says (that) he doesn’t know

He has just said

-When the reporting verbs is in the past ,past perfect, or conditional tense ,we must make some changes on the reported setences.

2. Changes of adverb of time and place

Direct speech	Reported speech
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last Next Ago	Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day/There preceding day The next/following day/ the day after/ a day letter The previous .../the.... Before The ... after/the following .....before/.... early
This/these Here Pronouns	That/those There They change according to the text

3.Pronouns

subject	object	Possesive		Reflexive
		adjective	nominal
I	Me	My	Mine	My self
You	You	Your	Yours	Yourself
We	Us	Our	Our	Our selves
They	Them	Their	Theirs	Themselves
He	Him	His	His	Himself
She	Her	Her	Hers	Herself
It	It	Its	Its	Itself
You	You	You	Yours	Yourself

4.Tense Change

Direct	Indirect
Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect cont.	Past simple Past continues Past Perfect Past perfect cont
Future simple Future cont. Future perfect Future perfect cont.	Past Future Past future cont Past future perfect Past future perfect cont.
Past simple	Past perfect
Past conf.	Past perfect cont.
Past perfect	Past perfect

The core of tense changes.

Direct	Indirect
Verb 1 Verb 2 Is / am Are Have / Has Do / Does Did Can May Must Shall Will Ought Could Might Should Would	Verb 2 Verb 3 Was Were Had Did Had verb 3 Could Might Had to Should Would Ought to Could Might Should Would

Examples :

a.    Statements

Direct speech : Doni said to me : “i did my home work last night”.

Indirect speech : Dony said to me that he had done his homework the night before

b.    *Interrogative sentences ( yes/no Question )

Direct speech : she asked me “do you bring your dictionary?”

Indirect speech : She asked me if/Wheter i brought my dictionary?”

*Interrogative sentences with Wh-questions

Direct speech : My mother asked : “Why do you go home late to day?”

Indirect speech : My mother asked why i went home late that day.

c.     *Negative Intruction

Direct speech : Dody said to him: “ Dont put your bag on this chair!”

Indirect speech : Dody told me not to put his bag on that chair.

*Positive Intruction

Direct speech : The teacher says to them: “check over your test, please!”

Indirect speech : The teacher tells them to check over their test.

Example Question :

 1.     Woro asked. “How do you ride a bike without the saddle?”

Answer : Woro asked how rode a bike without saddle

 2.     The doctor said that i had to stay in bed for a week

Answer :  the said, “you have to stay  in bed for a week”

 3.     Dony asked how i go to school everyday

Answer : Deny asked , “ How you go to school everyday”